1. ACTIVE SENTENCE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE
Definition
In Active sentences,
the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
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[Thing Doingaction] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
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In Passive
sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and
the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.
You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action
is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if
you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is
doing the action.
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[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
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Examples
1.
Beautiful giraffes roam
the savannah. (ACTIVE)
The
savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (PASSIVE)
2.
We are going to watch a
movie tonight. (ACTIVE)
A
movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (PASSIVE)
3.
The teacher always
answers the students’ questions. (ACTIVE)
The
students’ questions are always answered by the teacher. (PASSIVE)
4.
Who taught you to ski? (ACTIVE)
By
whom were you taught to ski? (PASSIVE)
5.
Thousands of tourists
view the Grand Canyon every year. (ACTIVE)
The
Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (PASSIVE)
2. RELATIVE CLAUSE
Definition
A relative
clause is a kind of subordinate clause that contains an element
whose interpretation is provided by anantecedent on which the subordinate
clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is
an anaphoric relation between the relativized element in the relative
clause, and the antecedent on which it depends. Typically, a relative clause
modifies a noun or noun phrase, and uses some grammatical device
to indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same
referent as that noun or noun phrase.
SUBJECT
|
OBJECT
|
POSSESSIVE
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Who
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Whom, Who
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Whose
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Which
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Which
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Whose
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That
|
That
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Notes : We use who and
whom
for people, and which for things.
We use that for people or things.
Example :
“A
lot of people believe that cities should have more parks. Citizens should be
able enjoy the natural environment better. Currently, many city dwellers have
no opportunity to see trees, plants and birds and have no space to exercise. It
is important because they would improve the quality of their life. For example,
both old people and children would benefit from a place to exercise safely and
breathe clean air at the same time.”
Defining
relative clauses
ü In
the first one the which explains precisely why cities
should have more parks.
“A lot of people believe that cities
should have more parks which would
allow citizens to enjoy the natural environment better.”
ü The
second one does the same job. The who explains
precisely which people I am thinking of. I have added detail in. I
just asked myself the question “which people?”.
“Both of these are important because
they would improve the quality of life for people who often suffer from not having a pleasant
environment.”
ü These
are used differently and have slightly different grammar. The idea with these
is that you are just adding more detail in.
“Currently, many city dwellers have no
opportunity to see trees, plants and birds and have no space to exercise, which is another benefit of open
spaces in urban areas.”
“A
lot of people believe that cities should have more parks which would allow
citizens to enjoy the natural environment better.
Currently, many city dwellers have no opportunity to see trees, plants and
birds and have no space to exercise, which is another benefit of open spaces in urban areas. Both of these are important because they would improve the
quality of life for people who often suffer from not having a pleasant environment.
For example, both old people and children would benefit from a place to
exercise safely and breathe clean air at the same time.”
Warning!
Don’t overuse
relative clauses! You can have too much of a good thing. Don’t use loads of
relatives. They make your writing more complex, but also harder to read. Here
are two general guidelines:
1.
only one relative
clause per sentence
2.
don’t use relative
clauses in every sentence
The perfect
paragraph should combine the simple with the complex. In IELTS writing you are
aiming for a range of grammar, not the same bit of grammar all the time –
even if it is useful as relative clauses.
3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Definition
Conditional
tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened,
and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional
contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences
that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as
"the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually
referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of
constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences
are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional
sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using
"unless" instead of "if".
Types
of Conditional Sentence
1.
The Zero Conditional
In zero conditional sentences, the tense in
both parts of the sentence is the simple present. As in all conditional
sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the
pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but
the meaning is identical. In zero conditional sentences, you can replace
"if" with "when", because both express general truths. The
meaning will be unchanged.
The zero conditional is used to make
statements about the real world, and often refers to general truths, such as
scientific facts. In these sentences, the time is now or always and
the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is also often
used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause.
If Clause (Condition)
|
Main Clause (result)
|
If + Simple Present
|
Simple Present
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If this thing
happens
|
That thing
happens
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Examples
:
· When
you heat ice, it melts.
· Ice
melts when you heat it.
· Plants
die if they don’t get enough water.
· Meet
me here if we get separated.
· If
public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
2.
Type 1 Conditional
In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense
in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is
the simple future. As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is
not fixed. You may have to rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when
you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning is identical.
The type 1 conditional refers to a possible
condition and its probable result. These sentences are based on facts, and they
are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular
situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings. In type 1 conditional
sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation
is real.
In type 1 conditional sentences, you can
also use modals in the main clause instead of the future tense to express the
degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
If Clause (Condition)
|
Main Clause (Result)
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If + Simple Present
|
Simple Future
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If this thing
happens
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That thing
will happen
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Examples
:
· If
Sally is late again I will be mad.
· I
will be mad if Sally is late again.
· What
will you do if you miss the plane?
· I
may finish that letter if I have a time.
· If
he calls you, you should go.
3.
Type 2 Conditional
In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense
in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the
present conditional or the present continuous conditional. The type 2
conditional refers to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable
result. These sentences are not based on the actual situation. In type 2
conditional sentences, the time is now or any time and the situation
is hypothetical.
In type 2 conditional sentences, you can
also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to express the
degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
If
Clause (Condition)
|
Main
Clause (Result)
|
If +
Simple Past
|
Present Conditional or Present Continuous Conditional
|
If this thing happened
|
That thing would happen
|
Examples :
· If
you went to bed earlier you wouldn’t be so tired.
· You
wouldn’t be so tired if you went to bed earlier.
· If
you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.
· If
I were a plant, I would love the rain.
· We
might buy a larger house if we had more money.
4.
Type 3 Conditional
In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense
in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the
perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional. As in all
conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to
rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the
clauses, but the meaning is identical.
The type 3 conditional refers to an
impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past. These
sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now too late for the
condition or its result to exist. There is always some implication of regret
with type 3 conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary
to, what the sentence expresses. In type 3 conditional sentences, the time is
the past and the situation is hypothetical.
In type 3 conditional sentences, you can
also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to express the
degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome. Both would and had can
be contracted to’d, which can be confusing if you are not confident with type 3
conditional sentences.
If
Clause (Condition)
|
Main
Clause (Result)
|
If +
Past Perfect
|
Perfect
Conditional or Perfect Continuous Conditional
|
If this thing had happened
|
That thing would have happened
|
Examples :
· You
would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.
· If
you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
· If
I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
· You
could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
· If
I’d known you were in hospital, I’d have visited you.
5.
Mixed Conditional
It
is possible for the two parts of a conditional sentence to refer to different
times, and the resulting sentence is a "mixed conditional" sentence.
There are two types of mixed conditional sentence :
a. PRESENT
RESULT OF A PAST CONDITION
In this type of mixed conditional
sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in
the main clause is the present conditional. As in all conditional sentences,
the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the pronouns
and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the
meaning is identical.
This type of mixed conditional
refers to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present.
These sentences express a situation which is contrary to reality both in the
past and in the present. In these mixed conditional sentences, the time is
the past in the "if" clause and in the present in
the main clause.
In these mixed conditional sentences,
you can also use modals in the main clause instead of would to
express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the
outcome.
If
Clause (Condition)
|
Main
Clause (Result)
|
If +
Past Perfect
|
Present
Conditional
|
If this thing had happened
|
That thing would happen
|
Examples :
· If
we had looked at the map we wouldn’t be lost.
· We
wouldn’t be lost if we had looked at the map.
· I
would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job.
· If
you had crashed the car, you might be in trouble.
· If
I had learned to ski, I might be on the slopes right now.
b. PAST
RESULT OF PRESENT OR CONTINUING CONDITION
In this second type of mixed
conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the
tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional. As in all conditional
sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the
pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but
the meaning is identical.
These mixed conditional sentences refer
to an unreal present situation and its probable (but unreal) pas result. In
these mixed conditional sentences, the time in the if clause is now or
always and the time in the main clause is before now. For example,
"If I wasn't afraid of spiders" is contrary to present reality. I am
afraid of spiders. "I would have picked it up" is contrary to past
reality. I didn't pick it up.
If
Clause (Condition)
|
Main
Clause (Result)
|
If +
Simple Past
|
Perfect
Conditional
|
If this thing happened
|
That thing would have happened
|
Examples
:
· If
I wasn’t afraid of spiders, I would have picked it up.
· I
would have picked it up if I wasn’t afraid of spiders.
· I’d
have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better.
· If
I was a good cook, I’d have invited them to lunch.
· If
the elephant wasn’t in love with the mouse, she’d have trodden on him by now.
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